Tuesday, 21 August 2018
Regional Economic Co-operation
- Regional Economic Co-operation
RCEP
OBOR
TPP 11
SAARC
BIMSTEC
AIIB
NDB
SCO
MERCOSUR
IBSA
EEF
AfDB
Sunday, 19 August 2018
Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation in India
- Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation in India
basics
as per SECC
The SDG 1 is to “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”; SDG 2 is to “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”; and SDG 5 is to “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
1.Deendayal Antodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission: Alleviating rural poverty & fostering diversified livelihoods through sustainable community institutions of poor
Employment
basics
https://www.civilsdaily.com/unemployment-in-india-types-causes-and-measures/
https://www.gktoday.in/gk/types-of-unemployment/
basics
https://www.civilsdaily.com/unemployment-in-india-types-causes-and-measures/
https://www.gktoday.in/gk/types-of-unemployment/
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178356
economic survey views
https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/article22550185.ece/BINARY/V2Chapter10
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jtUrXJSVD9V7U6oroWU6aK/Economic-Survey-2018-Jobs-set-to-be-a-pressing-challenge-in.html
https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2018-19/news/economic-survey-2018-arvind-subramanian-jobs-employment/story/269037.html
http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/23/unemployment-rate-slightly-up-according-to-economic-survey-job-creation-lower-in-3-years-of-bjp-gov-1608102.html
Measurement of growth: National Income and per capita income
- Measurement of growth: National Income and per capita income
links
4.http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/national-income/national-income-definitions-circular-flow-and-concepts-with-diagram/6171
| Statistics | |
|---|---|
| GDP | $2.848 trillion (nominal; 2018 est)[3] $10.385 trillion (PPP; 2018 est)[3] |
| GDP rank | |
GDP growth
|  7.7% (Q4, 2017-18) (MOSPI)[4] |
GDP per capita
| $2,134 (nominal; 2018 est)[3] $7,783 (PPP; 2018 est)[3] |
GDP per capita rank
| |
GDP by sector
| Agriculture: 17.32% Industry: 29.02% Services: 53.66% (2016 est.)[5 |
Highlights of Provisional Estimates (PE) of Gdp, 2017-18 and Estimates of GDP for the Fourth Quarter, January-March (Q4), 2017-18
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179666
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-debate-over-the-use-of-gva-and-gdp/articleshow/58905721.cms
Concept of Gross Value Added
In January 2015, the MOPSI had released the new series of national accounts, revising the base year from 2004-05 to 2011-12. With this, the GDP at Factor Cost has been replaced by Gross Value Added (GVA). With this change, GDP at market prices is now referred to in GDP in government accounts. This change is as per recommendations of the United Nations System of National Accounts in 2008 and Pronab Sen Committee. The idea behind this change was mainly to make India’s GDP numbers comparable with that of developed nations. Thus, the following are the key changes in India’s national accounts:
- Earlier, the economic growth was measured in terms of growth rate in GDP at factor cost at constant prices. Now the term GDP in India’s accounts refers to the GDP at constant market prices(2011-12 prices) and it reflects the headline growth rate in GDP. This figure is also used now for ascertaining the national income.
- The economic growth is measured by Gross Value Added (GVA). The relationship between GVA at factor cost, GVA at basic prices and GDP (at market prices) is as follows:
- GVA at basic prices = CE + OS/MI + CFC + production taxes less production subsidies
- GVA at factor cost = GVA at basic prices – production taxes less production subsidies
- GDP = ΣGVA at basic prices + product taxes – product subsidies or
- GDP = GVA + DITS, where DITS is the difference between indirect taxes and subsidies.
In the above:
- CE stands for compensation of employees
- OS refers to operating surplus
- MI stands for mixed income
- CFC stands for consumption of fixed capital.
Contents [hide]
Difference between GDP and GVA
While GDP gives a picture of whole economy, GVA gives pictures at enterprises, government and households levels. In other words, GDP is GVA of all enterprises, government and households. Further, Gross Value Added (GVA) broadly reflects the supply or production side of the economy.
Trends in India’s GDP and GVA
GVA {Gross Value Added} Growth Rate
As per the first AE, the growth rate of gross value added (GVA) at constant basic prices for 2016-17 is placed at
7.0 per cent, as against 7.2 per cent in 2015-16. The growth in the second half of 2016-17 is estimated at 6.7 per cent as against 7.2 per cent in the first half.
| Year | 2012-13 | 2013-14 | 2014-15 | 2015-16 | 2016-17 | 2016-17H1 | 2016-17H2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India’s GVA* | 5.4 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.7 |
| *at constant basic prices | |||||||
GVA Growth in Agriculture
As per data, the growth of agriculture & allied sectors improved significantly in 2016-17, following the normal monsoon in the current year which was preceded by sub-par monsoon rainfall in 2014-15 and 2015-16. Higher growth in agriculture sector in 2016-17 is not surprising; rabi sowing so far and the first advance estimates of the kharif crop production for the year attest to this.
GVA Growth in Industry
After achieving a real growth of 7.4 per cent in terms of value added in 2015-16, the growth in industrial sector, comprising mining & quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas & water supply, and construction sectors moderated in 2016-17. This is in tandem with the moderation in manufacturing, mostly on account of a steep contraction in capital goods, and consumer non-durable segments of Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The contraction in mining and quarrying largely reflects slowdown in the production of crude oil and natural gas.
Growth in Service Sectors
As in the previous years, the service sector continued to be the dominant contributor to the overall growth of the economy, led by a significant pick-up in public administration, defence & other services, that were boosted by the payouts of the Seventh Pay Commission. Consequently, the growth in services in 2016-17 is estimated to be close to what it was in 2015-16.
We note here that since 1991, Services have grown tremendously in India and service sector has become engine of India’s economic growth. With double digit growth in finance, real estate, professional services etc.
We recall here that the economic development is marked by a shift from the dominance of primary sector to that of the secondary and tertiary sector. In our country, the share of services has been consistently rising; more so since 2004-05. Even today, the growth in India’s service sector is second largest, only after China. But, this expansion of the tertiary sector is not balanced because of two reasons:
Firstly, Indian economy skipped dominating secondary sector and instead, the tertiary (services) sector became dominating directly from primary sector. This growth has been at the cost of manufacturing sector, which remained sluggish for several decades. Due to this, India’s growth has truly become a services led growth currently.
Secondly, growth in tertiary sector cannot thrive if there is no growth in primary and secondary sector because these three sectors are inter-dependent via the inter-sectoral linkages. This is evident from the fact that the inputs for services sector come from the industrial and agricultural sectors. Thus, for long term sustainability of the services sector, there has been a need for revival in commodity producing sectors
RBI switches back to GDP model from GVA model to measure economy
The Reserve Bank of India switched back to gross domestic product (GDP) model from the gross value added (GVA) methodology to provide its estimate of economic activity in the country. The switch to GDP is mainly to conform to international standards and global best practices.
Key Facts
The GVA methodology gives picture of state of economic activity from producers’ side or supply side whereas the GDP model gives picture from consumers’ side or demand perspective. Globally, performance of most economies is gauged in terms of GDP model. This is also approach followed by multilateral institutions, international analysts and investors because it facilitates easy cross-country comparisons.
Background
Government had started analysing growth estimates using GVA methodology from January 2015 and had also changed the base year to 2018 from January 2018. Even the Central Statistical Office (CSO) has started using GDP model as supply-side measure of economic activity as main measure of economic activities since January 15, 2018.
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